Roulette fefewɔla ŋkutawo

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

Avɔlɔ̃ƒe ƒe asitsala aɖe tso Shelf, si te ɖe Bradford ŋu, si ƒe dɔwɔƒe le Manchester mu le ƒe 1860 me. Le ƒe 1880 lɔƒo la, eyi Monte Carlo, ena woŋlɔ ʋuafɔawo ƒe emetsonuwo ɖi, eye wòɖo bɛt ɖe xexlẽdzesi siwo do zi geɖe wu dzi. Nuŋlɔɖi xoxotɔ, Victor Bethell ƒe agbalẽ si wota le ƒe 1901 me, gblɔ be ekpɔ £120,000, ebu £40,000 le eme eye wòdzo kple £80,000 lɔƒo, si nye franc miliɔn eve lɔƒo, eye be kasino la ʋuʋu eƒe ʋuafɔwo tso kplɔ̃ ɖeka dzi yi bubu dzi zã sia zã gbã, emegbe wòɖo yeyewo siwo ƒe domegliwo woate ŋu aʋuʋu. Nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ aɖeke le ɣemaɣi megblɔ dziɖuɖu la ŋu nya o, eye kasino la ƒe agbalẽ siwo tso ƒe mawo me bu. Eƒe agbenɔnɔŋlɔla Anne Fletcher (2018), si nye nɔvia ƒe dzidzimevi, ɖo eƒe sasrãkpɔ gbãtɔ ɖe ƒe 1880 alo 1881 me, menye ƒe 1873 alo 1875 si le ŋutinya xoxowo me o. Agbalẽŋlɔla ade siwo wòxɔ la tso Bethell gbɔ; xexlẽdzesi asieke ƒe ɖoɖo kple dzesi si wogblɔ be ewɔ ɖe ʋuafɔ aɖe ŋu la dze gbã le ƒe 1951 me, eye naneke meɖo wo kpe o. Esi wòku le ƒe 1892 me la, eƒe nunɔamesiwo mesɔ gbɔ o. Joseph Jagger ƒe axa la dzro kpeɖodziwo me.

Joseph Jagger: roulette ƒe aɖaŋu le Monte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

Ameblela kple nuwɔla aɖe si va ɖo Monte Carlo le ƒe 1891 me kple ga si wòƒo ƒu ɖe nu si wòwɔ si menye nyateƒe o ta, eye wògbã ganɔƒe la zi geɖe le ŋkeke ʋɛ aɖewo me, eye wòkpɔ £40,000 lɔƒo kple dzidzedze wɔnuku aɖe. Egblɔ be ɖoɖo aɖe si medoa kpo o le ye si, eye meɖe egɔme kpɔ o. Ezu “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” le ha aɖe me, ebu ga la ƒe akpa aɖe le vuvɔŋɔli ma me, eye wònɔ gaxɔ me le eƒe agbe susɔea ƒe akpa gã aɖe me ɖe ameblewɔwɔ ta. Ɖoɖo ɖe sia ɖe si nɔ esi o, eƒe emetsonu nye dzidzedze ko.

Ŋutsu si gbã gadzraɖoƒe la

Hibbs kple Walford (1947)

Le ƒe 1947 me la, University of Chicago ƒe nusrɔ̃la eve, Albert Hibbs, si nɔ akɔntabubu ƒe master’s ƒe sukudede wum, kple Roy Walford, si nye atikewɔwɔ ƒe nusrɔ̃la, zã woƒe dzudzɔɣi le Reno tsɔ ŋlɔ trɔtrɔwo ɖi. Wonɔ ʋuafɔ siwo dzi xexlẽdzesi aɖewo doa zi geɖe wu alesi 1 le 38 me ɖe mɔ dim, wokpɔ aɖewo, woɖo bɛt ɖe wo dzi, eye woyi Las Vegas. Life magazine gblɔ ŋutinya la le December 1947 me kple tanya “How to Win $6,500”; nuŋlɔɖi siwo va emegbe, Hibbs ŋutɔ tɔ hã le wo dome, gblɔ ga si sɔ gbɔ wu, eye Thorp, si ŋlɔ nu le ƒe 1998 me la, ɖoe ɖe ƒe 1949–50 me. Ga la xe fe na ʋu si ƒe didime nye afɔ 40 kple ƒe ɖeka kple edzivɔ le Caribbean. Hibbs yi Jet Propulsion Laboratory, afi si wòzu eƒe gbeƒãɖela si wonya wu, eye Walford zu numekula le ame ƒe tsitsi ŋu. Woƒe dziɖuɖu nye Amerika ƒe dziɖuɖu gbãtɔ si woŋlɔ ɖi nyuie tso ʋuafɔ ƒe akpaɖeɖe me, eye eyae nɔ Thorp ƒe susu me le ƒe 1955 me esime wòtso nya me be ʋuafɔ siwo wowɔ nyuie la, ele be woaɖu wo dzi to ŋutinunya me boŋ.

Norman Leigh (1966)

Le ƒe 1966 ƒe dzomeŋɔli la, Norman Leigh, Eŋlisitɔ aɖe si ŋlɔ be roulette gblẽ yefofo ƒe nu, kplɔ ame wuieve ƒe ha aɖe yi Casino Municipal le Nice. Abe alesi eya ŋutɔ gblɔe ene la, wofe LabouchèreaɖaŋuLabouchèreƉoɖo si tutua xexlẽdzesiwo ɖa: ŋlɔ xexlẽdzesiwo ƒe fli ɖeka, ɖo bɛt ɖe nuwuwu eveawo ƒe xexlẽme dzi, tutu wo ɖa le dziɖuɖu megbe, eye nàtsɔ bɛtga si nèbu akpe ɖe eŋu le gabubu megbe.Xlẽe blibo → tɔtrɔ le bɛt sɔsɔe ade katã dzi le kplɔ̃ eve dzi, wokpɔ ga geɖe le zã geɖe me, eye wodzudzɔ esime kasino la tu kplɔ̃awo nu eye wòxe mɔ na wo le Frans ƒe kasinowo katã me. Eƒe agbalẽ, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), koe nye ɖaseɖiɖi blibo ɖeka, eye womate ŋu adzro eƒe akɔntawo me o. Ɖoɖo la mate ŋu aɖe wo gɔme o: Labouchère tɔtrɔ xɔa 1.35% le bɛtga katãgaBɛtga katãGa si woɖo bɛt ɖo katã le fefeɣi alo ɣeyiɣi aɖe me, kple dziɖuga siwo wogbugbɔ ɖo bɛt. Woyɔnɛ hã be handle, action.Xlẽe blibo → me kple la partageseLa partageFrans se: ne zero do la, bɛt sɔsɔe ƒe bɛtga ƒe afã gbugbɔna vana. Eɖe kasino ƒe viɖe le bɛt mawo dzi ɖe afã me va ɖo 1.35%.Xlẽe blibo →, eye wòɖua dzi le fefeɣi ʋɛ aɖewo me ko, esime fli aɖe dzi va ɖo bɛtga gãtɔ (kpɔ Labouchère). Fefewɔla wuieve le bɛt sɔsɔe ade dzi le zã geɖe me fea fefeɣi geɖe, eye wo dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewo ado dziɖuɖu gãwo kokoko, eye esi kasino la tu fefe la nu la, dzidzedze la mete ŋu sɔ ɖe titina ŋu o.

Dzixɔse tovo: roulette aɖaŋu si ɖua dzi ɖaaLabouchère aɖaŋu le roulette me

Thorp kple Shannon (1961)

Edward Thorp, si va ɖu blackjack dzi kple kaɖewo xexlẽ, kple Claude Shannon, nyatakaka ŋuti nufiafia ƒe gɔmeɖola, wɔ kɔmpiuta gbãtɔ si ame ate ŋu atsɔ ɖe eŋu: mɔ̃ sue aɖe si lolo abe sigaret ƒe kpɔ ene si dzidzea bɔldɔwɔnuBɔlBɔl sue si wotsɔ ƒua du ɖe mɔ la me ɖe rotor la ƒe yiyi ŋu. Egbegbe bɔlwo nye ivorine alo Teflon, 18–21 mm.Xlẽe blibo → kple rotordɔwɔnuRotorƲuafɔ la ƒe akpa si trɔna eye dowo le edzi.Xlẽe blibo → ƒe ɣeyiɣi eye wòɖoa gbe aɖe ɖe to me nu sue aɖe me si yɔa ʋuafɔ la ƒe akpa enyilia ɖeka. Ewɔ dɔ le Shannon ƒe xɔ si le anyiglã me kple ʋuafɔ si woƒle, eye ɣeaɖewoɣi le Las Vegas, afi si kawo tsoa eye wokpɔa nu si le to me. Wodzudzɔ ɖe nusiwo dzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ ta; Thorp ɖe gbeƒã ɖoɖo la le ƒe 1966 me eye wòɖe eme blibo le ƒe 1979 kple 1984 me (kpɔ Advantage Play).

Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Ŋutinunya ƒe nusrɔ̃la kɔkɔwo ƒe ha aɖe le Santa Cruz wɔ kɔmpiuta sue siwo woatsɔ ɖe wo ŋu le kasino me: fefewɔla ɖeka dzidzea ʋuafɔ la ƒe ɣeyiɣi kple nu siwo le eƒe afɔbidɛwo te, kɔmpiuta la gblɔa akpaʋuafɔAkpaDowo ƒe akpa si kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo le ʋuafɔ la dzi, si to vovo na xexlẽdzesi ƒe ha aɖe le kplɔ̃ ƒe ɖoɖo dzi.Xlẽe blibo → aɖe ɖi, eye fefewɔla evelia sea nyagblɔɖi la to ʋuʋu me eye wòɖoa bɛt ɖe edzi. Le ƒe 1977 kple 1978 me la, wobla kɔmpiuta la ɖe abɔ te; esi va emegbe, si wotsɔ de afɔkpa ƒe te me la, yi Las Vegas le November 1981 me, eye kasinowo ƒe dzokemɔ̃ ƒe ɣli ɖu edzi. Woƒe dodokpɔwo do ŋugbe viɖe 44%, eye woƒe fefeɣi didi gbãtɔ le kplɔ̃ ŋutɔŋutɔ ŋu na 25% lɔƒo. Mɔ̃awo mewɔa dɔ ɣeyiɣi didi o: ka siwo meli ke o, dzokemɔ̃ ƒe ʋuʋu kple zi ɖeka la, abi si ka si xɔ dzo ɖe wo la wu fefeɣi geɖe nu. Wokpɔ dɔla akpe ʋɛ aɖewo kple bɛtga suewo, wozã $15,000 lɔƒo eye wogblẽ agbalẽ nyui aɖe ɖi. Eudaemons ƒe axa la gblɔ ŋutinya la.

Eudaemons-awo

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

Amerika ɖɔkta aɖe si wodzi le Germania, si kple srɔ̃a Carol kple kpeɖeŋutɔ ʋɛ aɖewo ŋlɔ ʋuafɔ zeroʋuafɔZeroDo gbemumu ɖeka si dzi bɛt sɔsɔe, wuieve alo sɔti ƒe bɛt aɖeke metsyɔna o; kasino ƒe viɖe ƒe dzɔtsoƒe. Woyɔnɛ hã be zero ɖeka, 0.Xlẽe blibo → ɖeka siwo nɔ Europa ƒe kasinowo me ƒe emetsonuwo ɖi le ƒe 1960-awo kple ƒe 1970-awo ƒe gɔmedzedze, wu ɖesiaɖe le Sanremo, eye wòɖo bɛt ɖe xexlẽdzesi siwo do zi geɖe wu dzi. Le Carol Jarecki ƒe nyagbɔgblɔ nu la, ʋuafɔ ɖeka ate ŋu axɔ trɔtrɔ wu 10,000 kple ɣeyiɣi si didi va ɖo ɣleti ɖeka. Kuɖeɖefia aɖe si woŋlɔ le ƒe 2018 me gblɔ be le nuŋlɔɖi geɖe nu la, ekpɔ wu $1.2 miliɔn; womedzro xexlẽme sia me kpɔ o. Egblɔ na nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔlawo be kɔmpiuta aɖe le University of London ɖe fefe la ƒe nya ɣaɣla me; kuɖeɖefia si woŋlɔ le ƒe 2018 me kple roulette ƒe ŋutinyaŋlɔla Russell Barnhart gblɔ be esia nye nu si wotsɔ ɣla nukpɔkpɔ bɔbɔe ko. Sanremo bia tso esi be wòagava o le January 1969 me, exe mɔ nɛ abe gafefela si tsɔe wɔ dɔe ene le February me eye wògaxɔe le ŋkeke ʋɛ aɖewo megbe, eʋuʋu eƒe kplɔ̃wo, eye mlɔeba la eɖɔ li ʋuafɔ abe wuieve eve ene. Egbugbɔ yi Amerika le ƒe 1973 alo 1974 me. Ɣemaɣi ƒe nyadzɔdzɔwo na nyatakaka bubuwo.

Richard Jarecki: roulette ƒe ɖoɖo

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (wodzii le ƒe 1947 me)

Spain ƒe haƒoƒo ƒe dɔwɔla kple sinima ƒe kpɔkplɔla aɖe si kple viawo kple nɔviawo ƒe viwo ŋlɔ trɔtrɔ 5,000 lɔƒo ɖi na ʋuafɔ ɖe sia ɖe le Casino Gran Madrid, si le du la godo, tso ƒe 1991 ƒe nuwuwu, eye wòɖo bɛt ɖe dodɔwɔnuDoDo 37 siwo dzi xexlẽdzesiwo le le rotor la dzi dometɔ ɖeka. Woyɔnɛ hã be slot, cup.Xlẽe blibo → siwo do zi geɖe wu dzi. Le eya ŋutɔ ƒe xexlẽmewo nu la, do nyuitɔ ɖu dzi zi ɖeka le trɔtrɔ 28 me eye viɖe la nye 6% lɔƒo; egblɔ be woƒe dziɖuga nye peseta miliɔn 200 va ɖo 250 le kasino geɖe me. Kasino la xe mɔ na ƒomea, dziɖuɖu la tutu mɔxexe la ɖa, eye kasino la ƒe ʋɔnudrɔ̃ ƒe biabiawo katã gbe nu, wo dometɔ mamlɛtɔ le Ʋɔnu Gãtɔ me le June 2004 me. Ʋɔnu la gblɔ be fefewɔlawo zã nunya kple kɔmpiuta ko, eye be kasino ƒe ŋuɖoɖo si le se nu enye be wòaʋuʋu eƒe ʋuafɔwo, aɖɔ li woƒe akpawo alo awɔ wo nyuie wu. Gonzalo García-Pelayo ƒe axa la gblɔe blibo.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: roulette ƒe ɖoɖoRoulette le Europa

Ritz ƒe ame etɔ̃awo (2004)

Fefewɔla etɔ̃, ŋutsu eve kple nyɔnu ɖeka siwo tso Yugoslavia xoxo kple Hungary me, kpɔ £1.3 miliɔn lɔƒo le zã eve me le March 2004 me le Ritz Club le London, esime woɖoa bɛt ɖe xexlẽdzesi siwo le wo nɔewo gbɔ ƒe ha suewo dzi le ɣeyiɣi mamlɛtɔ me. Nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽwo gblɔ be laser scanner aɖe nɔ telefon me ɣaɣlae; womekpɔ mɔ̃ sia tɔgbe aɖeke kpɔ o. Wolé wo eye woɖe asi le wo ŋu, eye le December 2004 me la, kpovitɔwo gbe nya la eye wogbugbɔ ga la na wo, elabena se xoxo si tsi tre ɖe ameblewɔwɔ ŋu meɖo nu si wowɔ la gbɔ o. Bloomberg ƒe nuŋlɔɖi le ƒe 2023 me ku ɖe ŋgɔnɔla la, Croatiatɔ aɖe si wonya be Niko Tosa, ŋu, eye wògblɔ be nyagblɔɖi kple ŋku ko wònye le ʋuafɔ si mia sue aɖe ŋu, menye mɔ̃ aɖe o. Gambling Act 2005 tsɔ se si keke wu si tsi tre ɖe ameblewɔwɔ ŋu ɖɔ li se xoxo la, eye wòdze dɔwɔwɔ gɔme tso ƒe 2007 me; ʋɔnu aɖeke medzro kpɔ be ɖe elɔ nyagblɔɖi kple ŋku ɖe eme a o. Eyae nye dziɖuɖu gã mamlɛtɔ si amewo katã nya le roulette me to nyagblɔɖi me.

Nu si roulette fefewɔla siwo kpɔ dzidzedze katã sɔ le

Dziɖula ɖe sia ɖe si woŋlɔ ɖi la alo dzidze ʋuafɔ la (Jagger, Hibbs kple Walford, Jarecki, García-Pelayo) alo gblɔ bɔl la ƒe dzeƒe ɖi (Thorp, Eudaemons, Ritz ƒe ha). Wo dometɔ aɖeke meɖu dzi kple bɛtɖoɖo ƒe ɖoɖo o, eye ɖoɖo ƒe fefewɔla ɖeka si wonya, Wells, gbugbɔ eƒe akpa aɖe na le ɣleti ʋɛ aɖewo me eye wòwu enu ɖe gaxɔ me. Mɔnu ɖe sia ɖe si wozã la, kasinowo va tui mlɔeba to ʋuafɔ la, sewo alo dukɔ ƒe se la trɔtrɔ me. Numekuƒe ƒe axawo ɖe mɔnuawo me; axa sia ɖe nusita nèse ame ʋɛ aɖewo ko ŋkɔ la me.

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